Apicomplexa

The Apicomplexa (also called Apicomplexia; single: apicomplexan) are organisms of a large phylum of mainly parasitic alveolates. Most possess a unique form of organelle structure that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic plastid called an apicoplast—with an apical complex membrane. The organelle's apical shape is an adaptation that the apicomplexan applies in penetrating a host cell.

The Apicomplexa are unicellular and spore-forming. Most are obligate endoparasites of animals, except Nephromyces, a symbiont in marine animals, originally classified as a chytrid fungus, and the Chromerida, some of which are photosynthetic partners of corals. Motile structures such as flagella or pseudopods are present only in certain gamete stages.

The Apicomplexa are a diverse group that includes organisms such as the coccidia, gregarines, piroplasms, haemogregarines, and plasmodia. Diseases caused by Apicomplexa include:

Babesiosis (Babesia)
Malaria (Plasmodium)
Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum)
Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora cayetanensis)
Cystoisosporiasis (Cystoisospora belli)
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

The name Apicomplexa derives from two Latin words—apex (top) and complexus (infolds)—for the set of organelles in the sporozoite. The Apicomplexa comprise the bulk of what used to be called the Sporozoa, a group of parasitic protozoans, in general without flagella, cilia, or pseudopods. Most of the Apicomplexa can use gliding motility, that uses adhesions and small static myosin motors. The other main lines of this obsolete grouping were the Ascetosporea (a group of Rhizaria), the Myxozoa (highly derived cnidarian animals), and the Microsporidia (derived from fungi). Sometimes, the name Sporozoa is taken as a synonym for the Apicomplexa, or occasionally as a subset.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apicomplexa

Apicomplexan structure[8] Anterior polar ring Intra-conoid microtubules Conoid Posterior polar ring Inner membrane complex Subpellicular microtubules Rhoptries, hold enzymes released during host penetration Micronemes, important for host-cell invasion and gliding motility Mitochondrion, creates ATP (energy) for the cell (tubular cristae) Micropore Dense granules Apicoplast membranes (4, secondary red, non-photosynthetic) Golgi apparatus; modifies proteins and sends them out of the cell Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum, the transport network for molecules going to specific parts of the cell. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apicomplexa#/media/File:2023_Apicomplexan.svg

Apicomplexa

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